INGREDIENT GLOSSARY

Among the alpha hydroxy acids, it has the largest molecule: it penetrates slowly and is the best tolerated. What percentage should you use it at, how often, and why is it the only AHA that can also be used in summer?

Niacinamide doesn’t work the same way at every concentration: 2–5% targets the skin barrier and redness, while 10% targets excess sebum and dark spots. When to apply it, what to pair it with, and how long it takes to see results.

Ferulic acid rarely works alone: it stabilizes vitamin C and enhances its photoprotective action. How does this synergy work, and what should you expect?

Antioxidant, brightening, and a cofactor in collagen synthesis. But it is also unstable: which forms of vitamin C to choose and how to store them properly.

Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl) targets under-eye puffiness by inhibiting the ACE enzyme and reducing capillary permeability. How it works, what the data say, and what to pair it with.

Coenzyme Q10 protects cells from oxidation and supports mitochondrial function. What do studies say about topical use, why does the formulation make a difference, and how can it be incorporated into a routine?

Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) softens expression lines by acting on the SNARE complex. How does it really work, why isn’t it Botox in a cream, and which wrinkles does it make sense to use it for?